Geoarchaeological and tourist heritage dwellings (yurts) nomads and
indigenous ethnic groups in the world
Muhamedrahim Kursabaev, Serik Isabekov, Alyia Ayapbekova, Beisenbek Temirzhanov, University of Turan-Astana, Kazakhstan
In the context of globalization (the socio-economic crisis) and the large-scale
introduction of industrial-innovative technologies in the world increased sharply
continental integration between countries and states. In the process of global
integration and mass is formed (modernization) and the merging companies and
the new Consortium, social and economic interests are linked to the
biodiversity of the environment and the historical and cultural values of
society. Against the background of strong economic progress and positive
results, humanity is often faced with environmental problems and technological
factors that determine joint efforts for a comprehensive solution to these
problems.
Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, to solve these problems, put forward a
number of specific progressive ideas that are implemented on a global scale.
Some of these are questions of history and culture, "green technology"
and the development of tourism industry in the country.
One of the most effective models of preservation of historical and cultural
heritage and the natural landscape, as well as forming in the minds of the
younger generation of environmental culture is the development and promotion
(posting on the territory of the major cities and tourist centers) yurts of
nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world, as an effective tool for
conservation and revival of ethnic and spiritual values, tangible and
intangible culture and energy-saving technology as standard "green
technology" world.
The discovery by scientists of
the world of ancient dwellings of parking near the Irtysh River (Zhaken Taymagambetov) and
Botai culture (Viktor Zaibert) early domestication
of horses and technology development "kumys" directly related to
early housing designs yurt botaytsev «Yurt-oshaq». For many centuries,
"yurt-nomad's yurt» constantly improved and became the subject of unique
values, both spiritual and material culture protokazahskih and steppe peoples
(Aryans, the Huns, the Saka-Scythian and ancient Turkic tribes). Thus, the
unique intangible values and age-old phenomenon associativity spiritual and
material culture of nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world, as well
as the value of geoarchaeological and recreational travel practicality of
ancient dwellings have become the main object of scientific topics of our study
[1].
Primitive man lived in caves in
the equatorial areas of Africa, China, India and elsewhere. They laid the
foundation designs temporary housing for protection from natural disasters and
abnormal phenomena, climatic contrasts, wild animals, for shelter and rest.
Through many years due to lack of food, many tribes were forced to leave the
cave in search of food. The most favorable place they chose savanna, prairie
fields, marshes, forest-steppe zones, floodplains, rivers and lakes. The
remoteness of their chosen area of the cave was the motivation for the
construction of temporary housing. Elements of the construction of temporary
housing or shelter became part of the broken trees, dead branches, bushes,
stems and dry hay.
The favorable climate,
availability of natural products and wastes of animal and bird has long
promoted a fairly stable period of development of primitive people on the
planet. About a million years ago, tectonic and other natural disasters
(volcanoes, seismic tremors, cosmic and astrological phenomena) changed the
landscape and topography of the land. A new era of global relocation of many
tribes in search wild territories. According to the forecasts of researchers (Alkey Margulan,
Michael Balter, Robin Bendrey, Lloyd Kahn, Gremillion David, Elena Rubtchova, Viktor Zaibert), during the mass
migration of people learned about the mysteries and phenomena of nature. Thus,
in the minds of primitive men to provide a picture of the environment. Many of
them have learned to navigate the terrain, to distinguish the reliefs, rivers,
valleys, sounds and voices of wild animals and birds, the abnormal phenomena of
nature [18].
According to research materials
(Alkey Margulan, Robin Bendrey, Zhaken Taimagambetov) 27,000 years ago on the
territory of Kazakh High land gets into the settlement of many tribes. In the
process of global migration in search of food and favorable habitat for many
tribes have come a long evolutionary path that originates from the continents
of the equatorial belt of the planet. During migration, they lived in caves,
the bones of wild animals and the long branches were building temporary homes.
The surface of the shelter was covered with dry grasses and wild animal skins.
The very first shelter from heat, cold and rain were broken off long branches
of trees and shrubs. The first houses were oval circles, where the lower part
of the branches (uyq) attached to the grass. The upper parts of the branches
folded crusts cut off from the trunks of trees fresh. Sometimes, instead of
branches to use long fangs mammoths. On the floor made the dry branches and hay
vegetation. Needless dwelling covered with skins of wild animals, lush fern
branches.
The territory of Kazakh High
land became the northernmost point and the epicenter of the Global
domestication in the world. According to the eminent scholars, (Alan K. Outram,
Viktor Zaibert, Elena Rubthsova) huge plains, temperate climate, the presence
of different species of animals and birds, rich flora and fauna and the unique
natural landscape served as a prerequisite for the development and establishment,
for the first time in the world, the global domestication of wild animals and
birds. The process of domestication of wild animals originated from the
domestication of wild horses. Kazakh High land became the northernmost point of
the population of ancient people. Archaeological finds have been found near the
river basin Ertis (East Kazakhstan) and in the settlement Botai (Noth
Kazakhstan), confirmed the presence of the first construction of dwellings in
Rann breeders. Residence early breeders has been adapted to local environmental
conditions. To the most important discovery belongs breeders use felt instead
of skins and the presence of a stone fireplace (stove).
According to the archeologist
Zhaken Taymagambetova ancient people lived in the mountain valleys of the Altai
mountain range and in the oasis of the Ertis River Basin. The excavations of ancient sites (East
Kazakhstan, Shulbinsk) were found traces of stone fireplace (stove) and housing
(25 thousand years old) who have similar shapes with Tippy (Tippe) - North
American Eskimos and plagues Siberian Yakuts (Chumm). The presence of large
rivers, steppe and mountain scenery, mild climate, unique flora and fauna were
the prerequisite for colonization of the ancient tribes for centuries. By
secret signs and qualifications of intentions of nature, the starry sky and the
movement of the wind, they noticed (forecast) that are located in the center of
the optimal circulation of warm and cold air fronts. The very first object of
domestication were wild horses. Endurance and grace, devotion and cleanliness,
ferocity, speed and charm wild horses attracted people. First contact with the
herds of wild horses was made with the help of the national folklore genre
«Qambar Ata». Children using adult glorified in songs and poems foal, then used
the totemic spells "Hurra, Құrru, Hurry». It is this historical period
(period), in our opinion, is of scientific interest, due to the little-studied
problem. We believe that this segment of the historical period should be considered
in terms of the geochronological evolution of ancient dwellings breeders [27].
In Kazakhstan in the settlement Botai (Cental and North Kazakhstan), scientists have found
archeological artifacts that testify to the early domestication of wild horses
(domestication in the Eneolithic Botai Culture of Kazakhstan, dating to about
3500B.CE, http://www.reading.ac. uk / archaeol). This is evidenced by some of
the materials, which are fixed at the bases of the global scientific and
technical information http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl (The
Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking. Alan K. Outram, Natalie A. Stear, Robin
Bendrey, Sandra Olsen, Alexei Kasparov, Victor Zaibert, Nick Thorpe, Richard P.
Evershed) [3].
Noting the importance of
research resources and scientific works of the above authors, we put forward a
theory about protoeneolitic culture (classical mythology and totemism) early
breeders. As a result of
active contact with the environment during this period or historical period
(25,000 years ago) has been associated with religious and mythological beliefs
of the ancient breeders North or the most extreme point of the migration of the
ancient tribes chosen deliberately. Great Eurasian steppe zone has been the
epicenter of the circulation of atmospheric fronts. The earliest empirical
knowledge about nature and wildlife have become important elements of spiritual
and mythological consciousness of people. The most important object of
attention in persons has become a unique harmony with the natural wildlife
nature. Settlers struck vast areas, specific flora and fauna, diversity of
climate and terrain features of the natural environment, abundance of wild
plants and numerous species of wildlife.
Path to the domestication of wild
animals was very long. Speed and beauty of wild horses caused a powerful
motivation for a close study of animal behavior. Striving ancient breeders to
domestication of wild horses is not limited to only one species of wild
animals, often the subject of domestication are mountain goats, rams and other
animals.
Many species of wildlife have been the object of mass hunting. Often hunters
take home young wild animals. In Kazakh folklore for centuries remained amazing
genres of folklore for children on the theme of life and behavior of wild
animals. Ancient people believed that the horse as a supernatural being who was
sent down from above. Patron of horse appeared mythical messenger «Qambar Ata».
Mythological image of the horse was presented as "Pyraқty arғymaқ -
Pyraqty argymaq», «Mythical winged horse», which translated means "the
mythical winged horse."
On the basis of the text of the
folk genre, you can assume that it is in the form of totemism mythological
winged horse, was the first object of attention of breeders ancient world. It
should be recognized that the first contact with the population of wild horses
occurred by natural and harmonious relationship between humans and animals.
Proof of this is the unique folklore and poetic improvisation associated with
the empirical knowledge of the behavior and psychology of wild animals [12].
This
historical period is associated not only with early stage of domestication of
wild animals, this period may be a key moment in the evolution and solving the
mystery of the origin of the ancient dwelling of the nomads in the world.
According to researcher Paul King (2001) the origin of the dwellings of the
nomads of Eurasia (for example Mongolian) is the earliest period in the context
of domestication. To confirm it offers a model of the design according to the
scheme: Buheg (1), Simple walls (2), Tall yurt (3), Low yurt with raised tono
(4), Modern ger (5), although he did not have exact data on the stages early
domestication of wild horses in Mongolia [12].
We agreed with the idea of Paul
King about using the yurt as a primary means of mobile military campaigns
(Heredotus, Strabon) during the Scythian people. We are interested in the
evolution geohrologicheskaya dwellings exact theory of protoeneoliticheskoy
culture (classical mythology and totemism) early breeders. Depth study of the
historical period (25,000 years ago) may modify the hypothesis of religious and
mythological representations of the ancient nomads and their relationship with
the environment. To interpret this fact should carefully examine all
archaeological materials associated with the genesis of nomadic dwelling. In
search of information, we have developed a special portal for the collection of
materials on the origin of ancient dwellings breeders. On the basis of the
materials collected, we took the initiative to hold a conference on the
Internet «Kazakh Hihg Land the native land of nomads yurt in the world». In the
process of organization, we have been in contact with the global centers of
scientific and technical information «Global science information and technical
resourse» such
as:http://www.123rf.com/photo_12068371_traditional-housing-from-the-bark-of-the-indigenous-populations-of-asia-and-america.html,
www.hearthworks.co.uk,
http://www.blueridgeyurts.com/contact.php,www.yurtinfo.org, www.amazon.com m
other sources, which were described in detail the genesis and origin of the
dwellings of the nomads in the world.
On the basis of data from the
American media portal «Native American- Turanian Brotherhood: FIRST NATIONS
First» were published interesting material, where each member of the project
could write an opinion. In a number of material elements dwellings repeating
some details nomadic dwelling and construction of a yurt, which have been
described in the research work «Evolution of the ger, Paul King 2001»,
http://www.woodlandyurts.co.uk/Yurt_Facts/YurtFacts.html[12 ], [13]. Similar
material was submitted to the Russian website, which states the historical and
evolutionary stages of formation and development of the dwellings of the
ancient nomads. [15]
On the
basis of research resources can be stated that this model represents the
elements of the Andronovo culture. Although the scientific material in this
area is sufficient knowledge, but above historical period it is not provided.
According to scientists, total domestication of wild animals in historical
periods Andronovo culture is detected [15]. Western architects Le Corbusier,
Mies van der Rohe, Antonio Gaudi praised the art of nomadic culture.
Based on these considerations,
we should describe in detail the basic design elements of classical Kazakh
yurt. Item Descriptions Kazakh yurt coincide with research materials that are
placed and academician Alkey Margulan. Based on the research work of scientists
and enthusiasts of this material is some of the details of the Kazakh yurt.
The main element of the yurt is «Yurt syiek» - bone yurt. There enter «Kerege»
- deryavyannye oblique lattice (1), «Uyq» - long bent sticks resembling the
rays of the sun (2) main holy thing yurt «Shanyrak», resembling the roof of the
world (3), and a wooden door «Esik» [16 ].
«Kerege» resembles a cell of
the human body, is indisputable element binding life and human activities with
the environment. Place each bundle «Kerege» called «Zheli» (1). If it is long,
it is called «Eris», if not the longest - «Balashyq», a short called «Saganaq».
The word «Shanyrak» has for Kazakh philosophical significance. This is the
boundary of man's connection with the cosmos. Depends on it all: the structure
and reliability of the architectural complex of the yurt, which is able to
withstand up to 2 tons of snow. It is made of strong wood «Aq-kaiyn» (white
birch) and «Sambi tal», which grow near rivers. Bent sticks «Kuldreuish»
consist of 3 - 8 branches (2).
«Aq-kaiyn» (white birch) and «Sambi tal», small shrub tree, and other materials
necessary for the manufacture of a yurt possess useful chemical property, since
they absorb solar energy, water and soil. Centuries of experience nomads proved
that the production of parts of the yurt from the tree is a useful and the best
option. Rounded white birch «Togyn» (1) with recesses similar to the human eye
«Kozi» (4) is of particular importance. Wooden bunch «Beriktik» (3) - a real
support for the «Shanyrak». «Uyq» - long bent sticks resembling the sun's rays
are a form prisognutuyu «Dogalay» (1) with small cords treated skins of sheep
and cows «Uyqbau» (5) and extreme bending arm sticks «Uyq iygy» (2). Distance
between «Uyq» and «Shanyrak» called «Kary» (3), and the sharp end of the stick,
which is fastened on the «Shanyrak», is called «Qalam».
Tree yurt «Esik» or
«Sykyrlauyq» has a front portion «Mandaisha» (1), wooden rack «Bosaga», the lower
part of «Zhaktau» (4) and poddvernik «Tabaldyryk» (5).
The word «Tabaldyryk» has a magical and philosophical values. Since ancient
times, preserved folk traditions, knowledge of the nature and meaning of human
habitat. Until now instructive forbidden words "Do not tread on
poddvernik", which translates as «Tabalduryqty baspa». «Tabaldyryk» - as
the subject enters the world of the triad - Heaven, Earth and Man.
Quite an interesting scientific
approach to design research and presented a yurt show pleasing
portalhttps://www.facebook.com/pages/Native-American-Turanian-Brotherhood-FIRST-NATIONS-First/254587994552741?fref=photo,
where all the dwellings of ancient date breeders (nomads yurt) described by the
logical structure [13].
Note that the authors of this
project was able to uncover some of the design features of the ancient
dwellings breeders (nomads yurt), using a variety of material and research
capacity gained through the scientific works of scientists. Some materials
(Helena Rubtcova, Paul King, Becky-Kemery, Lloyd Kahn, Heda Jindrak) provide
substantial preconditions for early construction of dwelling nomads of the
Eurasian steppes, on the basis of archaeological materials of the northern
Siberian peoples (Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, such as the Chukchi
and Siberian Yupik), with the title «Chukchi yarangas» or on the specifics of
climate and to get a specific name «The Chaplino Eskimos» (G.Dinets 2006) [17].
Kazakhstan,
as the birthplace of yurts of nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world,
to become the flagship of the research resource. Yurt as unique design, is
inextricably linked with associative components components: national cuisine
Ethnomusical instruments, traditional costumes and ornaments, jewelery and
applied arts, dining and armor, traditions and customs, oral traditions that
accompany the whole process of the project.
Consider it appropriate to
advance the project in society, using centuries-old experience and
ethno-cultural heritage of the nomadic ethnic groups of the world (Kazakhs,
Kyrgyz, Mongols, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, Turkmen, Afghan, American Indian, African
tribes, Eskimos, etc.) and as an effective solution to the problem
"greening of society ", with a view to making a decent contribution
to the implementation of a global program of" green technology "and
the development of the tourist industry in Kazakhstan.
Due to the above we have defined the priorities at this project. The main ones
are:
- Research, design and
technological activities on the reconstruction of tourist-geoarchaeological
complex "Museum of the ancient dwellings of nomads and indigenous ethnic
groups of the world";
- On the basis of empirical
research material and folk (non-traditional) knowledge of the environment to
develop a model of yurts of nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world,
as the phenomenon of ethnic and cultural, tourist and recreational facility
geoarchaeological and effective tool for energy-saving technology in the world
tourism industry;
- Design a modern system of the
tourism product, based on classical architectural design yurts of nomads and
indigenous ethnic groups of the world (kazakh, mongol, kyrgyz, yakyt, iran,
turkmen, escimos, indigenous, kalmyk, palloza, Russian izba);
- Place (classic design,
construction, reconstruction) yurt camp (district) in the World Exhibition
"EXPO 2017 Astana Kazakhstan», in the major cities and tourist centers;
- To create a museum of the
history of the world yurts of nomads «The Museum yurt of nomad's in the world»
(draft attached), hold an international symposium on "Kazakh steppe - the
birthplace of yurts of nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world";
- To issue electronic,
scientific and educational tools for students;
- Create a Public Council
(associations, induvidualnyh entrepreneurs, research and design associations),
for the implementation of the tasks;
- To build a yurt and housing
construction indigenous peoples of the world, the development and production of
crafts and pottery, rugs and felted materials, household items, food, jewelery
and applied arts ethnic peace in the territory of the World Trade «EXPO 2017
Astana Kazakhstan».
- Approval of the work plan of
the project on "Research and Technological Design work on the
reconstruction of tourist-geoarchaeological complex" Museum of the ancient
dwellings of nomads and indigenous ethnic groups of the world ", dedicated
to the World Exhibition« EXPO 2017 Astana Kazakhstan »»;
- The collection of materials,
design sketch (layout) and the creation of a museum of history yurts of nomads
and indigenous ethnic groups of the world «The Museum yurt of nomad's in the
world»;
- Holding an international
symposium "The Kazakh steppe - the birthplace of yurts of nomads and
indigenous ethnic groups of the world";
- The creation of the Public
Council (associations, induvidualnyh entrepreneurs, research and design
associations), for the implementation of the tasks.
- Start of construction and
housing designs yurt of nomads and indigenous peoples of the world;
- The opening of the centers of
crafts and pottery, rugs and felted materials, household items, food, jewelery
and applied arts ethnic peace in the territory of the World Trade «EXPO 2017
Astana Kazakhstan»;
- Electronic, scientific and
teaching aids for students.
- Completion of the
construction and housing designs yurt of nomads and indigenous peoples of the
world;
- The development and
production of crafts and pottery, rugs and felted materials, household items,
food, jewelery and applied arts ethnic peace in the territory of the World
Trade «EXPO 2017 Astana Kazakhstan»;
- Conducting international
scientific conferences and symposia;
- A progress report.
Used literature and Internet sources.
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Stear,, Robin Bendrey.,Sandra Olsen.,Alexei Kasparov.,Victor Zaibert., Nick
Thorpe., Richard P. Evershed. The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking http://www.reading.ac.uk/archaeology/about/staff/r-bendrey.asp
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On the Origins of Nomadism in the Asian Steppes
Archaeology, Ethnology and
Anthropology of Eurasia, Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2011, Pages 85–93 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1563011011000961
3.Robin Bendrey. Identification
of metal residues associated with bit-use on prehistoric horse teeth by
scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
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2989–2994,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440311002147
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